Category Archives: Outlets

Abuja, Atan, Features, IEEE Spectrum, Lagos

In Nigeria, Why Isn’t Broadband Everywhere?

Ibadan, Nigeria, Bolaji Adeniyi holds court in a tie-dyed T-shirt. “In Nigeria we see farms as father’s work,” he says. Adeniyi’s father taught him to farm with a hoe and a machete, which he calls a cutlass. These days, he says, farming in Nigeria can look quite different, depending on whether the farmer has access to the Internet or not.

Not far away, farmers are using drones to map their plots and calculate their fertilizer inputs. Elsewhere, farmers can swipe through security camera footage of their fields on their mobile phones. That saves them from having to patrol the farm’s perimeter and potentially dangerous confrontations with thieves. To be able to do those things, Adeniyi notes, the farmers need broadband access, at least some of the time. “Reliable broadband in Atan would attract international cocoa dealers and enable access to agricultural extension agents, which would aid farmers,” he says.

Adeniyi has a degree in sociology and in addition to growing cocoa trees, works as a criminologist and statistician. When he’s in Ibadan, a city of 4 million that’s southeast of Atan, he uses a laptop and has good enough Internet. But at his farm in Atan, he carries a candy-bar mobile phone and must trek to one of a few spots around the settlement if he wants better odds of getting a signal. “At times,” Adeniyi says, “it’s like wind bringing the signal.”

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Abuja, IEEE Spectrum, Profiles

The Engineer Who Secured Nigeria’s Democracy

In October 2000, when electrical engineer Steve A. Adeshina joined Nigeria’s Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) as director of information and communication technology, the country had just held its first successful democratic general elections in 17 years. The 1999 elections were generally peaceful, if not entirely reliable, according to independent observers. They were also technologically old-school: “When I arrived, things were done essentially manually,” Adeshina recalls, with some voters being registered by hand and others by typewriter.

Adeshina, who had been running his own information technology firm, oversaw the transition to machine-readable voter registration forms across 120,000 polling units, many in rural, hard-to-reach places. To complete these forms, applicants fill in bubbles, the way it’s done on many standardized tests.

Over his decade-long tenure at the electoral commission, Nigeria conducted multiple elections with increasing technological sophistication. The 2015 presidential elections, the first to take place after Adeshina had left the electoral commission, earned positive reviews from independent observers and resulted in the first democratic transition of power between political parties in Nigeria.

Now Adeshina, 63, is a professor of computer vision and engineering at Nile University of Nigeria, in Abuja, and his three sons are at the start of their own careers, all in engineering. Like many people his age, Adeshina has reached the point of dispensing advice to younger engineers, his sons included, based on his own long career. “The advice I have for them is to keep their minds open and be creative and innovative,” he says.

That’s because surprises have cropped up throughout Adeshina’s own career. Keeping an open mind allowed him to take advantage of those surprises. Adeshina came to public service from the private sector, having run his own hardware and later software service company, Logica Solutions Limited, for about a decade. When INEC offered him a job, he “didn’t have an open mind about the public sector,” he says. “I didn’t think they did anything or that I would stay more than a few years. But I stayed 10 years.”

Discovering Electrical Engineering

Career surprises go back to Adeshina’s university days. Like many engineers, he recalls trying to fix everything that broke at home when he was young. So, he enrolled at the University of Ilorin, also in Nigeria, as a civil engineering student in 1981. That’s where the hot jobs were at the time. “Nigeria was being built; civil engineering was more popular,” he says.

Alongside other aspiring mechanical engineers, Adeshina built a culvert and some small bridges. But on a rotation through the electrical engineering department, a standard component of his course, his professors challenged him to build his own power-supply unit and then design and build the cabling for an entire house on a circuit board, including distribution boards and household wall outlets, all by himself. He was surprised by how much he liked it. “That really, really excited me, and that’s what made up my mind,” Adeshina recalls. He switched to electrical engineering.

Adeshina’s first job involved working on time-sharing computing on an early computer produced by North Star Computers. After three years there, he left to start Logica, where he began by adapting software designed for mainframes to work on less powerful but more affordable microcomputers suitable for the Nigerian market. But he was always looking for new problems to solve.

Modernizing Nigeria’s Voting System

By the time the INEC called Adeshina in to modernize voting in 2000, Nigeria was on the verge of big changes. The military that had ruled the country off and on between 1966 and 1999 had given way to democracy at the same time the Internet was gaining a tenuous foothold across Africa. Adeshina and others saw the potential to use the Internet to reinforce the fledgling civil society. INEC asked him if polling units could report preliminary results in real time, while poll workers finalized and certified ballot counts. The idea was to make the results more trustworthy by making it harder to manipulate results, or at least raise red flags.

At the time, 2G cellular networks in Nigeria “hadn’t really penetrated very far, but we were able to deploy radios that had the capacity to send email attachments, even [connect with] fax machines,” Adeshina says. Aid organizations donated Inmarsat satellite terminals for the hardest-to-reach polling units. “There are places that you cannot get to by a car. They use camels and maybe motorbikes to get to those places,” Adeshina says.

In such places, voting occurs over several days to allow more participation. That adds to the challenge: Voting machines must have batteries to handle constant electrical-grid failures. It was a race against time to build the infrastructure for the 2002 elections. “We were posting [collated results] on the Internet and the results were available to anybody,” Adeshina says. By the time of those first off-peak elections, INEC was receiving real-time results from perhaps 80 percent of Nigerians, Adeshina estimates, and thus had pioneered a new technology.

INEC’s new chairman then asked Adeshina to embark on a fresh registration drive. The challenge was to see if Adeshina and his team could improve the accuracy of voting rolls using fingerprints and photos. They discovered as many as 10 million duplicate registrations at a time when the entire population was around 126 million. He also came up with the predecessor to the country’s current voter-identification cards, which included photos of the voter and were machine readable.

From Public Service to Academia

By the time his INEC term ended in 2011, Adeshina found a perch at Nile University of Nigeria, in Abuja, the federal capital. There he has worked on a wide range of problems, including using inexpensive medical imaging to diagnose COVID-19 and exploring standards for 6G telecommunications. “He’s a respected voice in the digital world in Nigeria,” says Biodun Omoniyi, CEO of the broadband company VDT Communications and a former university classmate of Adeshina’s.

Even years after leaving INEC, Adeshina finds himself thinking about the challenges of elections. Due to its similar infrastructure and literacy levels, he looks to India for how to incorporate fully electronic voting one day in Nigeria. “The time to start preparing for the 2031 election is now.… You need to build trust, to have several off-peak elections and see that it works,” Adeshina says.

He now advises his sons and any young engineers to consider how they can apply their skills for their own country’s improvement. “I don’t want everyone to leave Nigeria,” he says. “I would like to have a world-class lab so we can keep some of our students.” If they are lucky, those students may get to apply their own engineering skills to the range of problems Adeshina has wrestled with.

With a wealth of experience across subjects and sectors, Adeshina continues to find fulfillment in his work. “It seems to me I’ve lived three kinds of life: private sector, public sector, and now academia,” he says. “Looking back, I’m really very happy, but I’m not done yet.”

First published by IEEE Spectrum: [html] [pdf].

IEEE Spectrum, Madrid, News

Rules, Not Renewables, Might Explain the Iberian Blackout

UPDATE 18 JUNE 2025: Spain’s Council of Ministers yesterday released preliminary findings and recommendations based on its ongoing inquiry into the 28 April 2025 Iberian blackout.

The findings note some unusual voltage oscillations across the grid in both the days preceding and during the morning of the blackout. Stabilizing the oscillations following normal rules caused a slightly higher-than-usual voltage. Some power plants on contract to provide reactive power control, which might have corrected the overvoltage, failed to do so, and in one case added rather than absorbed reactive power. Other plants tripped before reaching their target voltage tolerance, raising voltages for the remaining plants until the cascade overwhelmed the grid.

The recommendations include updating the 25-year-old Operational Procedure 7.4, a draft of which has been in the hands of the national competition regulator for the past five years, and which would enable better voltage control. The council also recommended improving the electrical grid’s demand response, storage capacity, technical regulations, and interconnections with neighboring countries. —IEEE Spectrum

Original article from 16 June 2025 follows:

Read more: Rules, Not Renewables, Might Explain the Iberian Blackout

On a leafy boulevard in central Madrid on the afternoon of 28 April, a half dozen residents stood in a loose semicircle on the sidewalk, facing an apartment balcony. A man sat on the balcony with his battery-powered radio, the speaker oriented toward passersby whose mobile phones couldn’t get a signal due to a blackout that had swept Spain and Portugal. Everyone wanted to know the causes of the blackout, which had occurred at 12:33 p.m. local time. Some speculated it was a foreign attack, while others blamed unstable solar and wind generation, which together comprised 43 percent of Spain’s and 37 percent of Portugal’s electricity generation in 2024.

Almost two months after the Iberian blackout, the four official investigations into the cause haven’t yet released their conclusions, and people are still waiting to know the causes of the blackout. Yet academic researchers with access to voltage data, such as Antonio Gómez-Exposito, a power engineering professor at the University of Seville, claim that there may have been sustained overvoltages, in which generating plants sent too high a voltage to the transmission grid just before the grid’s frequency dropped, which implies a potential issue: poorly distributed reactive power sources. Such sources can help control voltages when renewables send power from the distribution level of the grid up to the transmission level, which is becoming more common as grids add more distributed renewables.

In the first days after the blackout, many outlets and experts focused on the frequency of the grid and the need for inertia, which refers to how spinning generators carry physical momentum that makes them slow to change the frequency of the alternating current (AC) they generate. Most equipment on an electrical grid must operate within a fairly narrow range of a set frequency. Conventional power plants, such as combined-cycle natural gas or hydroelectric plants, can provide inertia, but newer sources such as photovoltaic solar power do not, unless they use so-called grid-forming technology. So the inertia discourse was in part a discussion of how to incorporate direct current sources such as photovoltaics into an AC grid.

If overvoltages, rather than frequency drops, were larger contributors, then the discussion is still about renewables, but it depends more on reactive power than on frequency management. Reactive power is one component of any AC electrical distribution grid. It emerges from the phase shift between voltage and current as the grid stores and withdraws energy in electromagnetic fields. Reactive power helps to carry the active component of power along long-distance transmission lines, and grid operators must balance reactive power alongside active power, or they can get overloading or voltage fluctuations that force generators off the grid. “The problem is that the regulation of the grid doesn’t reward renewable plant operators for helping balance reactive power,” says electrical engineer José Daniel Lara at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Golden, Colorado.

How Does Reactive Power Affect Renewables?

The shift toward more decentralized power production means that the amount of reactive power absorbed by transmission lines is changing, and the direction of flows of reactive power are also changing, making its regulation more complex. For example, Austria, Germany, and Japan have all begun regulating reactive power management to account for the effect of more distributed production. 

So, the fact that more renewable energy is often more distributed than conventional sources may have contributed to a different reactive power profile on the Iberian grid. Yet “other operators, such as in the U.S., require or reward grid participants for helping balance this reactive power,” Lara says. Spain could do that, too, given its commitment to expanding the role of renewable, and therefore distributed, power. Yet its reactive power rules predate the flood of solar and wind energy that has reshaped the country’s grid (the main rules are from 2000, with a 2014 partial update). Today’s rules also exempt renewable plants from helping to lower voltage peaks, Gómez says, which is a mistake: “Today’s grids, with their high renewable penetration, can’t be managed like grids of the 20th century when everything was fossil fuels and hydroelectric plants.”

In early June, Beatriz Corredor, the president of Spain’s grid operator, Red Eléctrica de España (REE), blamed the blackout on up to five near-simultaneous failures of conventional generators with sub-standard voltage control. REE is not blaming the failure on transmission short circuits, lack of electrical inertia, an information technology hitch, a reserve shortage, or excess voltage, she said in an interview on Spanish television. Corredor didn’t give a specific explanation for the failures she mentioned nor name the plants that may have failed, but the implication is that the responsibility is at the distribution level, below the transmission level that REE manages.

Most grid failures this big have multiple causes, and there are other ways to build resilience, in addition to better reactive power management. For example, Spain and Portugal have very little interconnection capacity with neighboring France and Morocco. The EU recommends its member states have 10 percent interconnection capacity, rising to 15 percent by 2030, but Spain and Portugal have only 2 percent interconnectivity with the rest of the EU, and very little connectivity with Morocco.

Another contributor to reliance is how operators respond to local failures. Energy engineer Ricardo Bessa of the Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science in Porto, Portugal, is involved in a European research project called AI4RealNet, which aims to provide grid operators with high-speed AI decision-making support when things go wrong, to avoid cascading events and blackouts. “It will mitigate, but it is not a silver bullet,” Bessa says. Just as important, it will help researchers understand why a given failure or blackout occurred after the fact, but much faster than today’s methods.

Storage is another answer to preventing excess voltage from swamping a grid. Spain is building grid-scale storage, but so far has just over 3 GW in a grid with an installed capacity of around 129 GW. More storage capacity located near to generators would make it easier to handle reactive power when those generators produce too much of it.

It will be months before Spain’s official investigations release their conclusions, and in the meantime, a European panel of grid operators is working on the problem, as are the hundreds of electrical operators on the peninsula who will want to avoid a likely decade-long legal fight over liability for the blackout.

In the meantime, the almost 60 million Spaniards and Portuguese affected by April’s blackout will have to turn their attention to researchers such as Gómez for insight into the blackout’s real cause. They are starting to patch together a mixture of public and private data and discuss openly the kinds of lessons regulators and industry may take from the blackout. “It’s going to force some changes,” Gómez says. “First will be operating procedures, which are always changing, but they change slowly. Now it will be more agile.”

This story was updated on 17 June 2025 to clarify that Antonio Gómez-Exposito is a professor at the University of Seville, and to correct the percentage of Spain’s electricity generation that comes from renewable sources.

First published by IEEE Spectrum: [html] [pdf]

IEEE Spectrum, Lagos, News

As Nigeria’s Cashless Transition Falters, POS Operators Thrive

Cash is expensive in Nigeria. When undercover agents for the Central Bank of Nigeria tried to buy cash on the open market, they found sellers charging markups of 20 to 40 percent of face value, the bank governor, Olayemi Cardoso, said at a March event in Abuja. Since 2012, the Central Bank has promoted a series of policies to reduce the amount of cash in circulation and shift Nigerians to electronic payments, which are lower cost, more secure, and more traceable. The Central Bank releases limited cash to commercial banks, who in turn cannot match public demand. When the banks do have cash, middlemen often take it in bulk to sell onward at a higher price.

In exchange, the Central Bank also built an ever-more-capable digital infrastructure for electronic payments, boosting Nigeria’s financial technology industry, and the volume of electronic payments in Nigeria grew around 16 times from 2018 to 2024. “Once that foundation was there, the cashless economy has done well,” says electrical engineer Funke Opeke, an eminence in the Nigerian technology scene who founded and later sold a crucial telecommunications and data services company, MainOne.

On the one hand, that is a victory. On the other hand, only those with reliable access to the Internet (about half of Nigeria’s population) can count on electronic payments. The rest still need cash.

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