Category Archives: Outlets

Can Qubits Teleport Through Today’s Internet Lines?

 By LUCAS LAURSEN and MARGO ANDERSON

For decades, researchers have tried to squeeze quantum signals alongside classical signals in fiber optic cables. Quantum bits, however, are based on delicate quantum states of individual particles, which can be disrupted by thermal noise and other factors. 

Last month, Northwestern University engineers sent a pair of entangled photons more than 30 kilometers through a fiber that was also carrying a 400 gigabits-per-second classical signal. The entangled states then enabled a quantum data transfer process called teleportation. Quantum teleportation involves transmitting the quantum state of one particle onto another particle at a distant location, effectively allowing the quantum information (a.k.a. the quantum bits or qubits) to be “teleported” across space. 

Read more: Can Qubits Teleport Through Today’s Internet Lines?

Despite the sci-fi connotation of the word teleportation, there’s nothing mystical or other-worldly about it, either. Other than very delicately shunting around extremely fragile neutral atom quantum computers or superconducting circuits, teleportation is one of the main ways quantum information can be physically moved through space. 

“There is lots of new demand for quantum computing,” says co-author Prem Kumar, professor of electrical and computer engineering at Northwestern University in Evanston, Ill. “But designers are realizing that scaling this up will be limited by internal communication.” 

In other words, as the number of qubits in quantum computers scales up, communication between all the qubits—not all of which are necessarily contained within the same physical computer or even in the same building or location—becomes increasingly critical. Therefore, transmitting qubits over existing long-distance fiber optic lines becomes important in the quest to scale up quantum computing

So while some research teams today work to build bigger, faster, and better quantum computers, others like Kumar’s team work to expand the range of fiber optic channels that can transmit a qubit from one place to another—which could in turn expand the kinds and levels of complexity of quantum computations that can be performed and the ability the re-use existing infrastructure to do it. 

All of which is far from simple. What is more straightforward are the modes of conveyance of qubits from one place to another. Qubits in motion are very often photons, and photons move well through glass fibers. Existing fiber optics lines—whether dark or even active already with conventional digital data traffic coursing through them—would be the simplest route to send quantum information from point A to point B.

Plus, says Northwestern PhD student and study co-author Jordan Thomas, running qubits through the same fiber optic lines as conventional bits makes a world of practical difference, too. “Coexistence makes quantum networking on a large scale a much more imaginable reality,” he says. 

In 1997, a scientist at British Telecom uncovered a key complicationin the transmission of quantum data alongside classical bits in a conventional fiber optic line. Photonic noise from the conventional data traffic bled over into the delicate quantum signals—like trying to discern a few whispered words over the background din of a bustling dinner party. The first two decades of the 21st century, in fact, saw many attempts at balancing the transmission of faint quantum whispers through the photonic cacophony of gigabits-per-second laser blasts traveling through the same fiber

In recent years, Kumar’s group reports in their recent paper in the journal Optica, more and better modes of teleportation of qubitsthrough dark or unused fiber have been explored in recent research reports. Their own group showed in 2023 that they could send entangled particles 48 km through conventional fiber alongside very high-power classical signals, laying the groundwork for the more complex teleportation demonstration last month. 

Is Teleporting the New Transmitting?

Kumar’s team set out to conduct quantum teleportation through conventional fiber optic lines that are also simultaneously conveying conventional many-gigabit-per-second digital communications. “It was an important time to start investigating teleportation and beyond so that this technology would be able to be deployed on a large scale, not limited to dark fibers,” Thomas says.

One step that made this possible now was the improvement in sensitivity of photodetectors. “Over the last 15 years a sort of revolution has taken place in detection technologies,” Kumar says. Their group began working with sensors whose efficiency approached 90 percent in the near-infrared O-band (representing photons in the wavelength range of 1260 to 1360 nanometers). Compare this to the 20 percent efficiency when Kumar’s group embarked on research in the field in 2006.

Combining quantum teleportation and classical communications is still relatively under-researched because of the difficulty sending a reliable signal over any distance, says telecom engineer Arka Mukherjee of the Centre for Development of Telematics in New Delhi, India. For real-world applications, he adds, it’s likely that network engineers will want to include more than just one channel of classical signals in each fiber optic cable. By contrast, he notes, today’s cables can carry dozens of channels, each carrying 100-200 Gbps of traffic in backbone fiber networks. So, he says, the importance of tamping down the noise factor through each fiber optic line will matter even more.

A real-world fiber optic network that conveys qubits from point A to point B will face other kinds of challenges, too. For instance, quantum communications demands precise levels of synchronization for timing precision and entanglement verification. To grapple with this, engineers are developing time protocols and other synchronization methods to allow for peaceful coexistence of classical and quantum signals in the same line.

“Our research group has performed some work on this subject as well,” Thomas says. “So we have some experience with these sync systems and coexisting them in the same fiber, which we will employ in next iterations of the experiments.”

The Kumar demonstration “has the potential to help address these challenges by using a classical signal as a probe signal to compensate for temporal and polarization drift between quantum network nodes,” says physicist Anouar Rahmouni at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Gathersberg, Md. Kumar’s team’s work is, Rahmouni says, a “pivotal step” towards quantum networking.

Translated story: An Olympian transfer market

By TER GARCÍA, MARÍA ÁLVAREZ DEL VAYO

Sometimes countries sign on new citizens as if the countries were a sports club in need of foreign athletes. In most cases, these are people with a strong connection to the country, who have been playing and training there for many years, perhaps even enough time that they could have obtained nationality through the ordinary route, by residence. That was the case for track athlete Majida Maayouf, who was born Moroccan and has lived in Spain for 13 years. She obtained Spanish nationality in June 2023 through a letter of naturalisation.

Other times, there is no previous relationship with the country, such as in the case of Megan Gustafson, whom Spain naturalised at the same time as Maayouf. Gustafson, a professional basketball player from Wisconsin, had never set foot in Spain before. The Spanish Basketball Federation requested her naturalisation, Marca reports. Something similar happened with Lorenzo Brown, whom Spain naturalised so he could represent it at Eurobasket 2022 despite the fact that he had never played here. Brown is playing for Spain’s men’s basketball team at this summer’s Olympic Games.

Most European countries have legislation providing pathways for their governments to grant nationality by decree to people for achievements in sport, culture or science, or because it is in the country’s interest. The academic project Globalcit compiles such naturalisation laws and regulations, among others, and Civio and European Data Journalism Network partners recently published a journalistic investigation of their impact across Europe. These express naturalisations are direct and depend only on the arbitrary decisions of the government in power. Above all, they are quick, especially compared to conventional residency requirements to obtain nationality, which range up to 10 years in Spain, Austria and Italy. Such official residency requirements are just a minimum: normal applicants must add the time it takes sluggish public administrations to handle their applications, which we found rarely occurs within official time limits and have taken more than five years in Spain and up to six years in Greece.

At least 25 athletes will compete at the Paris Games after being granted citizenship by decree of a European country. This is the case of Ekaterina Antropova, a Russian volleyball player, whom Italy naturalised in August 2023. Antropova arrived as a minor in the country in 2018 with a residence permit and has been part of the Italian volleyball federation since. Another newly Italian Olympian this year is marathon runner Sofiia Yaremchuk, of Ukrainian origin, who obtained Italian citizenship due to sporting merit in 2020.

Andy Diaz, of Cuban origin, will also play for Italy. Italy naturalised him at the beginning of 2023 “in consideration of the activation of the procedure by the president of the Italian Olympic Committee” for the “excellent results achieved in his sporting discipline”, according to a communique from the country’s Council of Ministers. It is a similar story to that of another Cuban-origin athlete Jordan Díaz, a naturalised Spaniard. Díaz took advantage of a sporting event held in Castellón to leave the Cuban team and settle in Spain. In just eight months he obtained a Spanish passport. Boxer Enmanuel Reyes Pla left Cuba in 2019 to try to join part of his family in A Coruña, Spain. He travelled to Russia, where he was trapped for half a year, and then went to Austria, where he requested asylum and was admitted to a refugee camp, Relevo reports. After spending a month in a German prison, he managed to reach Spain. There, in January 2020, the Spanish government naturalised him by decree. Other asylum seekers, on the other hand, must wait five years to apply for citizenship. In Spain alone, 13 athletes will represent the country at the 2024 Olympic Games, having obtaining citizenship by decree.

Portuguese athlete Nelson Évora’s comments about his teammate Pedro Pichardo’s naturalisation has set off a debate in Portugal about the differences between athletes who obtain nationality through ordinary means and those who obtain it by decree. Évora, who is from Ivory Coast, had to wait years to become Portuguese, he told Radio Observador, while Pichardo, of Cuban origin, obtained his nationality within months on sporting merit. Pichardo was granted Portuguese nationality in 2017, months after fleeing the Cuban delegation with which he was training in Stuttgart, Marca reported. Portugal gave Pichardo nationality in just seven months.

Other European countries such as Greece and Slovenia are also adding athletes using the fast-track route. Greece did it in 2023 for Thomas Walkup, an American-born basketball player and Olympian since 2021, who will play for the Greek national team at the Paris Olympic Games. Elizabeth Omoregie, born in Greece to Bulgarian and Nigerian parents, is playing handball for Slovenia after obtaining Slovenian nationality in 2017 by decree.

The Russian athletes’ diaspora

At least four of the athletes who have been naturalised by decree in EU countriesto compete in the Olympic Games come from Russia or Belarus, which the IOC banned from the Paris Olympic Games due to their 2022 invasion of Ukraine. In addition to the volleyball player Antropova, EU countries have naturalised by decree the formerly Russian wrestler Dauren Kurugliev (Greece), formerly Russian rhythmic gymnast Ekaterina Olegovna (Slovenia) and formerly Belarusian sprinter Kryscina Cimanouska, who requested asylum in the Polish embassy in Tokyo during the 2020 Olympic Games. Two years later, the Polish government granted her citizenship.

First published by Civio: [html] [pdf]

Investigation: People of no nation: how being stateless means living without rights

This is the third of a three-part investigation I co-reported and co-wrote with María Álvarez del Vayo, Ter Garcia, Carmen Torrecillas, and Adrián Maqueda of Civio with help from some EDJNet partners. Part 1, “Investigation: One small step for a few, one giant leap for the rest: how to become a European citizenis here. Part 2, “Stranger in a native landis here. The data visualizations are only visible at the Civio website. También hay una versión en español.

Imagine not being able to sign a work contract or not being able to access social or even health services. Forget travelling, enrolling in university or getting married. That is the reality for thousands of people not recognised as nationals by any state. “They have no rights,” says Nina Murray, head of policy and research at the European Statelessness Network (ENS) a London, United Kingdom-based network of civil society organisations.

Many stateless people, Murray explains, come from states that have disappeared. Or they have been displaced from their homes by war or for other reasons. Others have no nationality, because of gaps in the laws of their country of birth: they may be the children of stateless persons or of people whose countries do not recognise as citizens the children born to their citizens abroad. Some people are stateless because the country where they live does not recognise their country of origin as a state, as in much of the European Union (EU) for people from Palestine or Western Sahara.

Continue reading Investigation: People of no nation: how being stateless means living without rights

Investigation: Stranger in a native land

This is the second of a three-part investigation I co-reported and co-wrote with María Álvarez del Vayo, Ter Garcia, Carmen Torrecillas, and Adrián Maqueda of Civio with help from some EDJNet partners. Part 1, “Investigation: One small step for a few, one giant leap for the rest: how to become a European citizenis here. Part 3 “People of no nation: how being stateless means living without rights” is here. The data visualizations are only visible at the Civio website. También hay una versión en español.

Faussan was born in 2016 at Moncloa University Hospital in Madrid, Spain. By then, nine years had passed since his parents left Bangladesh to live in Spain. “When he was born, we registered him and gave him a Bangladeshi passport, because he was not Spanish, he was Bangladeshi,” explains his father, Hassan. When Faussan was one year old, his parents applied for Spanish nationality on his behalf. Despite being born in Spain in 2016, it was not until 2020, four years later, that Faussan finally became a Spanish citizen.

If Faussan had been born in another European Union (EU) country, his early life might have been different. In Germany, Portugal and Ireland he would have acquired citizenship automatically at birth. That is because, though citizenship isn’t granted automatically to everyone born in these countries, it is available to children of people legally residing there for specified periods. As with any other baby born in the country to citizens, Faussan’s parents would have gone to the registry to register his birth as a citizen, they would not have had to apply for a residence permit for him, and the child would never have appeared on Spain’s list of naturalisations because he would have been a citizen from birth.

Continue reading Investigation: Stranger in a native land